As it was led by a Bohemian noble majority, and recognised, for some time, by the Basel Compacts, the Hussite Reformation was Europe's first "Magisterial Reformation" because the ruling magistrates supported it, unlike the "Radical Reformation", which the state did not support. The Augustinianism of the Reformers struggled against Pelagianism, a heresy that they perceived in the Catholic Church of their day. The Counter-Reformation Flashcards | Quizlet This "Elizabethan Religious Settlement" largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. ", This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 07:49. Higher capability in reading, numeracy, essay writing, and history. The Reformation has been credited as a key factor in the development of the state system. The Orthodox Period, also termed the, Christians living in principalities where their denomination was. Andrew P. Klager, "Ingestion and Gestation: Peacemaking, the Lord's Supper, and the Theotokos in the Mennonite-Anabaptist and Eastern Orthodox Traditions", Birgit Stolt, "Luther's Translation of the Bible. At the time there was a difference . Which statement Best describes what happened if a German prince decided a state was Catholic in the late 1500s? In parts of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, a majority sympathised with the Radical Reformation despite intense persecution. Political Dimensions. [30], The Protestant Reformation was a triumph of literacy and the new printing press. Counter-Reformation Facts for Kids | KidzSearch.com Teter, Magda. Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various churches in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. In 1558 the Transylvanian Diet of Turda decreed the free practice of both the Catholic and Lutheran religions, but prohibited Calvinism. "[13] She carried on a long correspondence with Pope Gregory XI, asking him to reform the clergy and the administration of the Papal States. The Kingdom of Navarre, although by the time of the Protestant Reformation a minor principality territoriality restricted to southern France, had French Huguenot monarchs, including Henry IV of France and his mother, Jeanne III of Navarre, a devout Calvinist. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [21] Some nuns, such as Katharina von Bora and Ursula of Munsterberg, left the monastic life when they accepted the Reformation, but other orders adopted the Reformation, as Lutherans continue to have monasteries today. The Counter-Reformation The Church initially ignored Martin Luther, but Luther's ideas (and variations of them, including Calvinism) quickly spread throughout Europe. An agreement reached by the Council of Trent was that. The Reformation in the Netherlands, unlike in many other countries, was not initiated by the rulers of the Seventeen Provinces, but instead by multiple popular movements which in turn were bolstered by the arrival of Protestant refugees from other parts of the continent. From a Catholic perspective, the Second Vatican Council called for an end to the Counter-Reformation. The Duchy of Prussia, a vassal of the Polish Crown ruled by the Teutonic Knights, emerged as a key center of the movement, with numerous publishing houses issuing not only Bibles, but also catechisms, in German, Polish and Lithuanian. Why the Reformation is About Much More than Religion The Counter-Reformation implemented by the Habsburgs severely damaged Slovakian Protestantism, although in the 2010s Protestants are still a substantial minority (~10%) in the country. A challenge to the Church in Rome. The Wars of the Reformation began with the Knights' Revolt of 1522-1523, followed by the German Peasants' Revolt in 1524-1525, the Eighty Years' War in 1566-1648, the French Wars of Religion . It expressed an alternate vision of Christian practice, and led to the creation and rise of Protestantism, with all its individual branches. Littlejohn, Bradford, and Jonathan Roberts eds. Germany was home to the greatest number of Protestant reformers. In 1566, at the peak of Belgian Reformation, there were an estimated 300,000 Protestants, or 20% of the Belgian population.[78]. These missionaries dispersed Calvinism widely, and formed the French Huguenots in Calvin's own lifetime and spread to Scotland under the leadership of John Knox in 1560. [BPSC, 2007] Ans: The Reformation could be described as a religious movement that was directed against the Church of Rome. [28] Although the surviving proportion of the European population that rebelled against Catholic, Lutheran and Zwinglian churches was small, Radical Reformers wrote profusely and the literature on the Radical Reformation is disproportionately large, partly as a result of the proliferation of the Radical Reformation teachings in the United States. It aimed at reforming the Catholic Church's corruption and resulted in the creation of. These theses were highly controversial in their nature due to the questioning of Roman Catholic doctrine as well as a number of practices that had been followed by the church for centuries. Five of the most violent moments of the Reformation The most famous emigration to America was the migration of Puritan separatists from the Anglican Church of England. While in the middle of the 16th century the nobility mostly sent their sons abroad for education (the new German Protestant universities were important in this regard), by the mid-1600s the nobility mostly stayed home for education. [19][bettersourceneeded] In response to papal corruption, particularly the sale of indulgences, Luther wrote The Ninety-Five Theses. Reformation 101 - The Protestant Reformation in Europe - ThoughtCo Pope Innocent X declared the treaty "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times" in his apostolic brief Zelo Domus Dei. Stefania Tutino - Empire of Souls - Robert Bellarmine and The Christian Calvinism was popular among Hungarians who inhabited the southwestern parts of the present-day Ukraine. [81] Some also fled to England and Switzerland, including Peter Vermigli. Both Catholics and Orthodox Christians converts became Calvinists and the Anti-Trinitarians. King Sigismund of Poland and Martin Luther: The Reformation before Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. This created resentment amongst the Protestant nobility; however, the country did not experience a religiously motivated civil war. Which statement best describes a reform initiated by the Council of Trent? In Sweden, the Reformation was spearheaded by Gustav Vasa, elected king in 1523, with major contributions by Olaus Petri, a Swedish clergyman. [66], Bishop Richard Davies and dissident Protestant cleric John Penry introduced Calvinist theology to Wales. This unit introduces three religious-based reform movements: Protestantism in mainland Europe, Protestantism in England, and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, as well as the subsequent violence they caused. [90], Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, who issued a protest (or dissent) against the edict of the Diet of Speyer (1529), were the first individuals to be called Protestants. An introduction to the Protestant Reformation - Khan Academy This changed in 1534 with the Affair of the Placards. The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. [47] The exact moment Martin Luther realised the key doctrine of Justification by Faith is described in German as the Turmerlebnis. The Reformation in western and central Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther and his 95 Theses. By the Copenhagen recess of October 1536, the authority of the Catholic bishops was terminated.[55]. Higher public spending on schooling and better educational performance of military conscripts. Further Explanation:- The Counter-Reformation which is also known as Catholic Reformation and known as the period when Catholic Resurgence took place and it started in the response of . Similar attitudes developed among Catholics, who in turn encouraged the creation and use of music for religious purposes.[127]. Upon the arrival of the Protestant Reformation, Calvinism reached some Basques through the translation of the Bible into the Basque language by Joanes Leizarraga. The council did not address the national tensions or the theological tensions stirred up during the previous century and could not prevent schism and the Hussite Wars in Bohemia. After establishing a colony at Plymouth (which became part of the colony of Massachusetts) in 1620, the Puritan pilgrims received a charter from the King of England that legitimised their colony, allowing them to do trade and commerce with merchants in England, in accordance with the principles of mercantilism. Greater political autonomy increased the likelihood that Protestantism would be adopted. This established the preconditions for a series of destructive and intermittent conflicts, known as the Wars of Religion. Kooi, Christine. The Reformation and Politics - Concordia Seminary A separate Protestant community, of the Lutheran faith, existed in the newly conquered province of Alsace, its status not affected by the Edict of Fontainebleau. Which statement best describes the Roman Inquisition? Reformation - Wikipedia Poland Counter Reformation Movement Analysis Essay [61] She was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs. Two churches with Hussite roots are now the second and third biggest churches among the largely agnostic peoples: Czech Brethren (which gave origin to the international church known as the Moravian Church) and the Czechoslovak Hussite Church. The Diet of Worms of May 1521 condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas. When Henry died he was succeeded by his Protestant son Edward VI, who, through his empowered councillors (with the King being only nine years old at his succession and fifteen at his death) the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland, ordered the destruction of images in churches, and the closing of the chantries. Four religions were declared to be "accepted" (recepta) religions (the fourth being Unitarianism, which became official in 1583 as the faith of the only Unitarian king, John II Sigismund Zpolya, r. 15401571), while Eastern Orthodox Christianity was "tolerated" (though the building of stone Orthodox churches was forbidden). This led to a Counter-Reformation in Spain in the 1530s. An English king had a disagreement with the pope. Many of these patterns were enshrined in the Schleitheim Confession (1527) and include believers' (or adult) baptism, memorial view of the Lord's Supper, belief that Scripture is the final authority on matters of faith and practice, emphasis on the New Testament and the Sermon on the Mount, interpretation of Scripture in community, separation from the world and a two-kingdom theology, pacifism and nonresistance, communal ownership and economic sharing, belief in the freedom of the will, non-swearing of oaths, "yieldedness" (Gelassenheit) to one's community and to God, the ban (i.e., shunning), salvation through divinization (Vergttung) and ethical living, and discipleship (Nachfolge Christi). Huge amounts of church land and property passed into the hands of the Crown and ultimately into those of the nobility and gentry. His wife, Catherine of Aragon, bore him only a single child who survived infancy, Mary. "[126], Partly due to Martin Luther's love for music, music became important in Lutheranism. Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517, he was not excommunicated by Pope Leo X until January 1521. Various interpretations emphasise different dates, entire periods, or argue that the Reformation never really ended. Given sentence below refers to a numbered sentence in the passage. The Hussites were a Christian movement in the Kingdom of Bohemia following the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In 1536, following his victory in the Count's War, he became king as Christian III and continued the Reformation of the state church with assistance from Johannes Bugenhagen. Lutheranism reached northern parts of the country. [64], The Pilgrims held radical Protestant disapproval of Christmas, and its celebration was outlawed in Boston from 1659 to 1681. This conflict is called the Protestant Reformation, and the Catholic response to it is called the Counter-Reformation. During Reformation-era confessionalization, Western Christianity adopted different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). The early Puritan movement (late 16th17th centuries) was Reformed (or Calvinist) and was a movement for reform in the Church of England. Profound social and political changes were taking place in the West, with the awakening of . The early Reformation in Germany mostly concerns the life of Martin Luther until he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. Founded in 1538, the university was situated in an area of Eastern Hungary under Ottoman Turkish rule during the 1600s and 1700s, being allowed Islamic toleration and thus avoiding Counter-Reformation persecution. [89] The Catholic House of Habsburg and its allies fought against the Protestant princes of Germany, supported at various times by Denmark, Sweden and France. [92][93][e] Protestants have developed their own culture, with major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts and many other fields. Their ideas were studied in depth. Although the Thirty Years' War concluded with the Peace of Westphalia, the French Wars of the Counter-Reformation continued, as well as the expulsion of Protestants in Austria. The priesthood of all believers downplayed the need for saints or priests to serve as mediators, and mandatory clerical celibacy was ended. The Protestant Reformation - National Geographic Society By 1541, the Irish Parliament had agreed to the change in status of the country from that of a Lordship to that of Kingdom of Ireland. The greatest geographical extent of Protestantism occurred at some point between 1545 and 1620. Following the Affair of the Placards, culprits were rounded up, at least a dozen heretics were put to death, and the persecution of Protestants increased. Mannerism | Boundless Art History | | Course Hero Its origins lay in the discontent with the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Reformation-Causes-and-Effects. He was the father of seven children, including Lucrezia and Cesare Borgia. The English Reformation followed a different course from the Reformation in continental Europe. The wars only concluded when Henry IV, himself a former Huguenot, issued the Edict of Nantes (1598), promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. [citation needed], Refused an annulment of his marriage to Catherine, King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. During his reign, he selected Catholics for the highest offices in the country. Calvinism was popular among the Hungarians who inhabited the southernmost parts of what is now Slovakia. In the early 17th century internal theological conflict within the Calvinist church between two tendencies of Calvinism, the Gomarists and the liberal Arminians (or Remonstrants), resulted in Gomarist Calvinism becoming the de facto state religion. It began during the period of the council of Trent and ended with European wars of Religion. In the history of theology or philosophy, the Reformation era ended with the Age of Orthodoxy. Between 1604 and 1711, there was a series of anti-Habsburg uprisings calling for equal rights and freedom for all Christian denominations, with varying success; the uprisings were usually organised from Transylvania. Spanish Protestants who were able to flee the country were to be found in at least a dozen cities in Europe, such as Geneva, where some of them embraced Calvinist teachings. Songs such as the Lutheran hymns or the Calvinist Psalter became tools for the spread of Protestant ideas and beliefs, as well as identity flags. Counter-Reformation, also called Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. Czech reformer and university professor Jan Hus (c. 13691415) became the best-known representative of the Bohemian Reformation and one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. They also objected to ecclesiastical courts. The counter reformation was a religious and political movement that The term Reformation refers to a great religious reform movement in Europe during the 16th century. Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in the Swiss Confederation under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Who were some of the key figures of the Reformation? [86], There is no universal agreement on the exact or approximate date the Reformation ended. Depending on the country, the Reformation had varying causes and different backgrounds and also unfolded differently than in Germany. No one translated the Bible into Italian; few tracts were written. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, as the recently introduced printing press spread ideas rapidly from place to place, some unresolved differences kept them separate. The Counter-Reformation was a religious and political movement that C. involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church. This was a debate over the Christian religion. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations. They condemned what they saw as Protestant errors. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II in 1559, which began a prolonged period of weakness for the French crown. Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative, and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists. Unrest due to the Great Schism of Western Christianity (13781416) excited wars between princes, uprisings among the peasants, and widespread concern over corruption in the Church, especially from John Wycliffe at Oxford University and from Jan Hus at the Charles University in Prague. The split between Christians in western Europe led to wars as countries struggled with new religious alliances. The Church was omnipresent in early-modern European society. Different levels of income tax revenue per capita,% of labor force in manufacturing and services, and incomes of male elementary school teachers. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther, seeing strength in a united Protestant front. Practically every work of art depicted biblical themes. There was a big protest against the Christian Church in different parts of Europe and it ultimately resulted in the emergence of the Protestant Christian religion. [citation needed]. [35] The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany,[31] and stimulated as well the printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets.
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